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记载中提及的“琢器”指罐、瓶等立体器型的器物。“卵色”指的是天空的颜色，唐诗有云“春风卵色天”。如果将这些记载与传世器物两相对照，确实可见雍正官窑中多有仿汝窑、官窑、哥窑等宋代青瓷釉色的器物，这是不见于康熙官窑的特点，值得关注。
If we compare these records with the heirloom objects, itis worthy of attention that the Yongzheng officialkilns have many imitations of Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and other celadon ofSong dynasty, whichcannot be foundin the Kangxi official kiln wares.
接下来我们来探寻年窑仿宋瓷的文化史背景。简而言之，这是雍正帝好古趣味的反映。众所周知，即位前的皇四子作为雍亲王长期过着悠然闲适的生活。雍正元年，在大臣奏折的朱批上，雍正帝曾如下回顾自己作为雍亲王时期的惬意生活：“在藩邸数十年，优游娱乐，所蓄玩器颇有。”事实上，很多宫廷绘画都反映了雍正帝的好古趣味，郎世宁为庆祝雍正改元所绘的《聚瑞图》（图 8）便是其中一例。《聚瑞图》的绘画主题中出现了南宋官窑青瓷弦纹瓶（图 9），瓶中插莲花。
Next, let us explore the cultural and historical background of the imitation of porcelainof Song Dynastyat the Nian kiln. In short, this is a reflection of the Yongzheng emperor’s love for antiques. As we all know, before Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne, he lived a life of leisure as the Prince of Yong. In the first year of the Yongzheng period, the Yongzheng Emperor writtenthe following review of his pleasant life as the Prince of Yong:"For several decades in the vassal residence, Ilived a leisure life and collected quite a lotofantiques and refined things."In fact, many court paintings reflect the Yongzheng emperor's taste for antiquity.For example,the theme of a court paintingpainted by Lang Shining to celebrate changingthe title of thereignto Yongzheng is a celadonvase fromSouthern Song dynasty with lotus.
▲图8郎世宁《聚瑞图》雍正元年（1723）台北故宫博物院藏
▲图9 南宋官窑青瓷弦纹瓶高：33.6cm 故宫博物院藏
雍正帝对宋瓷的喜好从《活计档》的记录中亦可窥见一斑。
The Yongzheng emperor's preference for Song porcelain can be discoveredin the records of thework files.
Tang Ying was ordered to draw samples for Ding kilnvases, Official kiln vases, Ding kilnstoves, etc.(January, the first year of the Yongzheng period).
Making a rosewood pedestal for large or small porcelain pot from Longquan kiln(April, the first year of the Yongzheng period).
Making a packaging box for the Ge kiln's sunflower wash(May,the fourth year of the Yongzheng period).
Making packaging boxesfor thirty-one Ru kiln vessels(April, theseventh year of the Yongzheng period).
The Yixing kiln round bowl was used as a model to fire imitation ofthe Jun kiln, the Guankiln, the blue glaze, the red glaze, and other kinds of glazes, of which the most important one should be the Jun glazed type.(January,the eleventh year of Yongzhengperiod).
由此可见，雍正帝对宋瓷从雍亲王时代便已兴致盎然，即位后也一如既往。雍正为深邃静谧的宋瓷釉色所倾倒，故命年希尧在景德镇官窑瓷器中加以再现。
This shows that the Yongzheng emperor had been interested in Song porcelain since he wasthe Prince. After his his accession to the throne,he also continued to beso. Fascinated by the deep and quiet Song porcelain glaze, YongzhengEmperorordered Nian Xiyao to reproduce it in Jingdezhen official kiln.
本文介绍的雍正官窑仿哥釉贯耳壶堪称年窑精品。器物的器型端庄厚重，开片纵横无尽，窑火天成。器物底部正中有“大清雍正年制”六字青花款，是琢器中常见的篆书款识。收纳瓷器的桐箱上有“雍正年制宁窑管耳大花瓶”的墨书题签，昭和二十五年（1950）售出时的收据也保存完好。（图 10-12）
The Yongzheng Official Kiln vase imitatingthe glazecolour of Ge presented in this article is a fine example of Nianware. The shape of the vessel is dignified. The six-character blue-and-white mark whichmeansmade in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty is found on the base of the vessel.On the woodenbox where the porcelain was stored, there is an ink inscription whichmeansaNian kiln vase made in Yongzheng period.It was sold in 1950 and the receipt is also well preserved.
▲图10 清雍正仿哥釉贯耳大壶来源：山中商会私人收藏
▲图11清雍正仿哥釉贯耳大壶底部及款识
▲图12清雍正仿哥釉贯耳大壶包装桐箱上的题签及收据（1950年）
明治以来，随着煎茶文化的流行，清朝的单色釉瓷器大受欢迎。名门大族的美术俱乐部拍卖图录中包括雍正、乾隆、道光等各朝官窑的青瓷釉、茶叶末釉、霁蓝釉、红釉等各类官窑瓷器都有出现。本系列连载第六篇也曾提及，二十世纪三十年代山中商会的展览图录中，曾为“清朝素釉瓶”、“清朝素彩瓶”等单色釉花器分门别类，广为介绍。
Since the Japanese Meiji period, with the popularity of Sencha culture, the monochrome glazed porcelainofQing dynasty has become very cherishedin Japan. The auction catalogues of the Fine Arts Club of the famous families include many monochromefrom the official kilns of the Yongzheng,Qianlong,and Daoguang period. Asmentioned in the sixth article of this series, the exhibition catalogue of the Yamanaka in the 1930sdividedthemonochrome glazed wares as a separate categoryand widely introduced.
此外，在木盒上所见的“宁窑”，源自明治时代“年窑”一词传入日本时，因发音相近，讹为“宁窑”。近代，日本对“宁窑”的称呼还发生了一系列转变，起先仅指清朝雍正官窑，后则泛指清朝各朝烧造的各类青瓷釉瓷器。雍正之后又过了约两百年，年窑瓷器这一称呼以这种令人意想不到的形式传至日本，词汇语义也扩大了内涵意义，这一点饶有趣味。
In addition, the term"Neikiln"seen on the wooden box originated from the Meiji period when the term"Niankiln"was introduced to Japan, and it was erroneously called"Nei kiln"because of the similarity in pronunciation. After that, the term"Nei kiln"has also undergone a series of changes in Japan, at first referring only to the Yongzheng official kilnsand later to all kinds of celadon fired in Qing dynasty. About two hundred years after the Yongzheng period and later, Nei kilnporcelain was introduced to Japan in this unexpected way, and the semantics of the term expanded in connotation, which is very interesting.
参考文献:
1、伊丽《年希尧的生平与其对艺术和科学的贡献》 《中国史研究》 2000年第3期。汪银峰《年希尧増补<五方元音>与清代官话音系》 《吉林大学社会科学学报》 2018年第2期。
2、朱家溍、朱传荣选编《养心殿造办处史料辑览第一辑雍正朝》故宫出版社 2013年。
3、童书业《清初官窑瓷器史上几个问题的研究》（1957年完稿）《童书业说瓷》 上海古籍出版社 1998年
4、郑永昌《皇帝的自画像 — 奏折官书中的雍正帝》《雍正：清世宗文物大展》图录 故宫博物院（台北）2009年
5、上田恭辅《年窑のこと》《続双轩庵美术集成図录》 东京美术俱乐部 1932年
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